Cell Expansion Overview and Its Importance in Clinical Research
In multicellular organisms, growth is a dynamic process of increasing cell size. It is achieved by a precise cellular reproductive mechanism called mitosis. This involves copying the DNA in a single cell into two new cells that have the same genetic information, known as chromosomes. Once the two nuclei have been created, the membrane surrounding those splits and disappears. Almost all cells have a nucleus (the inner core of the cell) and chromosomes. Chromosomes carry the genes in that particular cell and are replicated during mitosis. Each chromosome consists of two identical replicas, known as chromatids.
The chromosomes in each of these replicas are joined together and line up across the center of the nucleus. Once the chromosomes are duplicated, the cells divide, each producing a daughter cell. When a new daughter cell is formed, it needs to have a complete set of DNA and a new nucleus. To make this happen, the mother cell must undergo a precise cellular reproduction process called mitosis. Then the daughter cells must grow and enlarge. This requires a very specific chemical reaction that occurs in the cell wall. There are two different reactions involved in cell expansion: one involving the cell wall itself and another involving proteins. A number of enzymes, such as xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolases, modify load-bearing linkages between the two, which in turn allows a cellular expansion to occur.
The global Cell Expansion Market is estimated to be valued at US$ 16,035.5 Mn in 2022 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 11.8% over the forecast period (2022-2030).
This cell expansion is accompanied by turgor pressure, which causes swelling of the walls and the passage of water into the interior. This is largely dependent on the presence of water-permeable pores, which are regulated by aquaporins. However, this turgor pressure is not sufficient to allow a sustained cellular expansion. The cell wall itself must resist this pressure while yielding to it at a rate that ensures a controlled expansion. These parameters can be regulated by a number of factors, including the balance between positive and negative controls. In yeast, for example, a protein called Whi5 dilutes as the cells grow and keep them from dividing when they reach a certain size. In human cells, Rb and other tumor suppressor proteins also dilute as the cell grows to control the rate of division. In plants, this is done through zones of division, called meristems. In trees, the same process is accomplished through a region of expansion called the cambium. A key property of cell walls is their ability to yield to a high turgor pressure, which can be as high as 0.5 MPa or two to three times the pressure in an automobile tire. During this phase of Cell Expansion, the wall must both be tough and strong enough to contain this high turgor pressure
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